Deception in research.

• A. Deception is illegal in all psychology research.
• B. Deception means participants are not told the study exists.
• C. Deception is always ethical if it improved results.
• D. Deception withholding or misrepresenting information is used to prevent bias, but raises ethical concerns about harming trust; it must be justified and followed by debriefing.

Answer: (D)

Deception in research involves withholding or misrepresenting information to prevent bias in participants’ responses, but it raises ethical concerns about trust and welfare. It’s used when knowing the true purpose would influence behavior (for example, causing participants to guess the hypothesis and respond accordingly). Because of these ethical tensions, deception is only acceptable if the potential knowledge gained justifies it, there are no good non-deceptive alternatives, and the study minimizes potential harm. After participation, researchers must debrief fully, explaining the true aims and methods, addressing any distress, and restoring trust. That balance—using deception to improve validity while guarding participants’ rights through justification and debriefing—explains why this option is the best choice. Deception isn’t simply illegal; nor does it mean participants are never told the study exists, and it isn’t ethical merely because results might be improved.